N2 Lesson 20 of 49 · 41 words
抽象概念・総合
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1
影響えいきょう
influence影響
Example & memory tip
この映画は多くの人に大きな影響を与えた。
This film had a big influence on many people.
Usage Two key collocations: 影響を与える (have an influence on) and 影響を受ける (be influenced by). 悪影響 = a bad influence; 〜の影響で = because of.
Remember it 影 (shadow) + 響 (echo) → the shadows and echoes something leaves behind.
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2
進歩しんぽ
progress進歩
Example & memory tip
医療の進歩によって多くの命が救われた。
Advances in medicine have saved many lives.
Usage 進歩 is progress, improvement over time: 技術の進歩, 進歩する, 進歩的 (progressive). 進化 (しんか) is evolution; 上達 is personal progress in a skill.
Remember it 進 (to advance) + 歩 (step) → advancing step by step.
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3
発展はってん
development発展
Example & memory tip
経済の発展と環境保護を両立させる必要がある。
We need to balance economic development with protecting the environment.
Usage 発展 is growth and expansion: 経済発展, 発展途上国 (developing country), 発展を遂げる (achieve growth). 発達 (はったつ) is maturing, as in a child's development or technology.
Remember it 発 (to send out) + 展 (to unfold) → unfolding outward.
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4
挑戦ちょうせん
challenge挑戦
Example & memory tip
新しいことに挑戦する勇気が成長につながる。
The courage to try new things leads to growth.
Usage 挑戦する takes に for what you take on: 新しいことに挑戦する. It is positive, like 'give it a go'. チャレンジ is the common loanword. 挑戦状 is a written challenge.
Remember it 挑 (to challenge) + 戦 (to fight) → picking a fight with something difficult.
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5
可能性かのうせい
possibility可能性
Example & memory tip
可能性を信じて諦めずに挑戦し続けた。
I believed in the possibilities and kept trying without giving up.
Usage 可能性 = possibility or potential: 可能性がある / 高い / 低い, 無限の可能性 (limitless potential). 確率 is numerical probability.
Remember it 可能 (possible) + 性 (quality) → the quality of being possible.
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6
確率かくりつ
probability確率
Example & memory tip
雨の降る確率は70%だが傘を持っていこう。
The chance of rain is 70%, so let's take an umbrella.
Usage 確率 is mathematical probability: 確率が高い, 降水確率 (chance of rain, used in every forecast), 成功の確率. 可能性 is the looser 'possibility'.
Remember it 確 (certain) + 率 (rate) → the rate of certainty.
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7
予想よそう
prediction予想
Example & memory tip
予想を超えた結果に驚いた。
I was surprised by results that exceeded my expectations.
Usage 予想 = expectation or forecast: 予想通り (as expected), 予想外 (unexpected), 予想を超える (exceed expectations). 予測 (よそく) is a more data-based prediction.
Remember it 予 (beforehand) + 想 (to think) → thinking ahead.
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8
実行じっこう
execution実行
Example & memory tip
計画を立てるより実行することが難しい。
Carrying out a plan is harder than making one.
Usage 実行 is actually doing something planned: 計画を実行する, 実行に移す (put into action), 実行力 (ability to get things done). 有言実行 = practice what you preach.
Remember it 実 (real) + 行 (to do) → really doing it.
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9
評価ひょうか
evaluation評価
Example & memory tip
仕事の結果を正当に評価してもらいたい。
I want the results of my work to be evaluated fairly.
Usage 評価 = evaluation: 評価する, 評価が高い (highly rated), 高く評価される (be highly praised), 人事評価 (performance review). 評判 is reputation.
Remember it 評 (to appraise) + 価 (value) → appraising the value.
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10
基準きじゅん
standard基準
Example & memory tip
採用基準が明確でないと公平な選考ができない。
Without clear hiring criteria, fair selection is impossible.
Usage 基準 is a standard or criterion to judge against: 基準を満たす (meet the standard), 判断基準, 安全基準. 標準 (ひょうじゅん) is the norm or average.
Remember it 基 (foundation) + 準 (level) → the baseline you measure from.
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11
比較ひかく
comparison比較
Example & memory tip
二つの製品を比較して良い方を選んだ。
I compared the two products and chose the better one.
Usage 比較 = comparison: 比較する, AとBを比較する. 比較的 means relatively: 比較的簡単 (relatively easy). 比べる (くらべる) is the everyday verb.
Remember it 比 (to compare) + 較 (to contrast) → comparing and contrasting.
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12
分析ぶんせき
analysis分析
Example & memory tip
データを詳しく分析してから結論を出す。
I analyze the data in detail before drawing conclusions.
Usage 分析 = analysis: 分析する, データ分析, 分析力 (analytical skills). 原因を分析する (analyze the cause) is a common business phrase.
Remember it 分 (to divide) + 析 (to split apart) → taking something apart to see how it works.
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13
理論りろん
theory理論
Example & memory tip
理論と実践の両方が重要だ。
Both theory and practice are important.
Usage 理論 = theory: 理論的 (theoretical), 理論上 (in theory). It pairs with 実践 (じっせん, practice): 理論と実践. 相対性理論 = the theory of relativity.
Remember it 理 (logic) + 論 (argument) → a logical argument.
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14
事実じじつ
fact事実
Example & memory tip
事実を正確に伝えることがジャーナリストの使命だ。
A journalist's mission is to report the facts accurately.
Usage 事実 = fact: 事実を確認する, 事実無根 (groundless), 事実上 (in effect, de facto). 真実 (しんじつ) is the truth, often with a deeper, moral sense.
Remember it 事 (thing, matter) + 実 (real) → a real matter.
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15
議論ぎろん
discussion議論
Example & memory tip
活発な議論を通じて最良の答えを探す。
We look for the best answer through lively discussion.
Usage 議論 is debate or discussion: 議論する, 議論を呼ぶ (spark debate), 議論が白熱する (heat up). It is more argumentative than 話し合い (talking things over).
Remember it 議 (to deliberate) + 論 (argument) → deliberating arguments.
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16
解決かいけつ
solution解決
Example & memory tip
問題を根本から解決するには時間がかかる。
Solving a problem at its root takes time.
Usage 解決 = solution, resolution: 解決する, 解決策 (a solution), 問題解決 (problem solving). 解消 (かいしょう) is eliminating a problem or stress.
Remember it 解 (to untie) + 決 (to decide) → untying a knot and deciding.
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17
状況じょうきょう
situation状況
Example & memory tip
現在の状況では判断が難しい。
In the current situation, it's hard to make a judgment.
Usage 状況 = situation, circumstances: 状況を把握する (grasp the situation), 状況に応じて (depending on the situation). 状態 (じょうたい) is the condition of a thing or person.
Remember it 状 (condition) + 況 (circumstance) → conditions and circumstances.
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18
条件じょうけん
condition条件
Example & memory tip
条件が合えば交渉に応じます。
If the terms suit us, we'll agree to negotiate.
Usage 条件 = condition or terms: 条件を満たす (meet the conditions), 条件付き (conditional), 労働条件 (working conditions), 無条件 (unconditional).
Remember it 条 (clause) + 件 (item) → the items in a clause.
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19
必要ひつよう
necessity必要
Example & memory tip
成功するためには努力が必要不可欠だ。
Effort is absolutely essential for success.
Usage 必要 = necessary: 必要がある (it's necessary to), 必要な書類, 必要不可欠 (absolutely essential). 不要 (ふよう) means unnecessary.
Remember it 必 (certainly) + 要 (need) → certainly needed.
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20
十分じゅうぶん
sufficient十分
Example & memory tip
準備が十分でなければ本番で失敗する。
If you don't prepare enough, you'll fail when it counts.
Usage 十分 = enough, plenty: 十分な準備, 十分に注意する, もう十分 (that's enough). Read じっぷん or じゅっぷん, the same kanji mean ten minutes. Also written 充分.
Remember it 十 (ten) + 分 (parts) → ten parts out of ten. Full marks.
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21
不足ふそく
shortage不足
Example & memory tip
睡眠不足が続くと健康に悪影響が出る。
If lack of sleep continues, it harms your health.
Usage 不足 = shortage: 睡眠不足 (lack of sleep), 人手不足 (labor shortage), 運動不足, 不足を補う (make up the shortfall). The opposite is 十分 or 過剰.
Remember it 不 (not) + 足 (enough) → not enough.
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22
バランスバランス
balance
Example & memory tip
仕事と生活のバランスを取ることが大切だ。
It's important to balance work and life.
Usage バランス = balance: バランスを取る (strike a balance), バランスが崩れる (lose balance), 栄養バランス (nutritional balance), ワークライフバランス.
Remember it From English 'balance'.
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23
調和ちょうわ
harmony調和
Example & memory tip
自然と人間の調和が持続可能な社会には欠かせない。
Harmony between nature and people is essential for a sustainable society.
Usage 調和 is harmony: 〜と調和する, 調和のとれた (well-balanced), 自然との調和. It is a central value in Japanese aesthetics. 和 also stands for Japan itself.
Remember it 調 (to tune) + 和 (harmony) → tuned into harmony.
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24
矛盾むじゅん
contradiction矛盾
Example & memory tip
言っていることとやっていることが矛盾している。
What they say and what they do contradict each other.
Usage 矛盾 = contradiction: 矛盾する, 矛盾している, 自己矛盾 (self-contradiction). A classic reading-test word.
Remember it 矛 (spear) + 盾 (shield) → from the Chinese tale of a merchant selling a spear that pierces any shield and a shield no spear can pierce.
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25
常識じょうしき
common sense常識
Example & memory tip
常識のある大人として行動しなければならない。
As a sensible adult, you have to act with common sense.
Usage 常識 is common sense and social norms: 常識がある, 常識外れ (unconventional), 非常識 (outrageous, lacking common sense), 常識を疑う (question assumptions).
Remember it 常 (usual, ordinary) + 識 (knowledge) → ordinary knowledge everyone shares.
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26
存在そんざい
existence存在
Example & memory tip
神の存在を信じるかどうかは個人の自由だ。
Whether or not you believe in the existence of God is up to each individual.
Usage 存在 = existence: 存在する (exist), 存在感 (presence), かけがえのない存在 (someone irreplaceable). ある or いる is the everyday way to say something exists.
Remember it 存 (to exist) + 在 (to be present) → existing and being present.
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27
現実げんじつ
reality現実
Example & memory tip
夢を現実にするためには努力が必要だ。
It takes effort to make your dreams come true.
Usage 現実 = reality: 現実的 (realistic), 現実を見る (face reality), 現実逃避 (escapism), 夢を現実にする (make a dream real). Its opposite is 理想 (ideal) or 夢.
Remember it 現 (present, appear) + 実 (real) → what is really in front of you.
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28
概念がいねん
concept, notion概念
Example & memory tip
自由という概念は文化によって異なる。
The concept of freedom varies from culture to culture.
Usage 概念 = concept: 〜という概念, 基本概念, 概念的 (conceptual). A key word in academic reading passages. 観念 (かんねん) is an idea or notion held in the mind.
Remember it 概 (general outline) + 念 (thought) → the general shape of a thought.
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29
仮説かせつ
hypothesis仮説
Example & memory tip
仮説を立てて実験で証明する。
You form a hypothesis and prove it through experiments.
Usage 仮説 = hypothesis: 仮説を立てる (form a hypothesis), 仮説を検証する (test it). 仮 means provisional: 仮免許, 仮住まい.
Remember it 仮 (provisional) + 説 (theory) → a provisional theory.
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30
検証けんしょう
verification検証
Example & memory tip
仮説の検証には十分なデータが必要だ。
Sufficient data is needed to test a hypothesis.
Usage 検証 is verifying or testing: 仮説を検証する, 事故の原因を検証する (investigate the cause of an accident), 検証番組 (a TV program examining an event).
Remember it 検 (to examine) + 証 (proof) → examining for proof.
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31
論拠ろんきょ
basis for an argument論拠
Example & memory tip
論拠が弱いと議論で説得力がない。
If your grounds are weak, your argument won't be persuasive.
Usage 論拠 is the basis of an argument: 論拠を示す (present your grounds), 論拠が弱い. 根拠 (こんきょ) is more common: 根拠のない噂 (a groundless rumor).
Remember it 論 (argument) + 拠 (basis) → the basis of an argument.
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32
推論すいろん
reasoning, inference推論
Example & memory tip
限られた情報から推論して結論を導いた。
I drew a conclusion by reasoning from limited information.
Usage 推論 = inference or reasoning: 推論する, 論理的推論. 推理 (すいり) is deduction in mysteries: 推理小説 (detective novel).
Remember it 推 (to infer) + 論 (argument) → inferring through argument.
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33
抽象ちゅうしょう
abstraction抽象
Example & memory tip
抽象的な話より具体的な例で説明してほしい。
I'd like you to explain with concrete examples rather than talking in the abstract.
Usage 抽象 = abstraction, almost always as 抽象的 (abstract): 抽象的な話, 抽象画 (abstract painting). Its opposite is 具体的.
Remember it 抽 (to extract) + 象 (image) → extracting the image from the details.
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34
具体ぐたい
concreteness具体
Example & memory tip
具体的な例を挙げることで理解が深まる。
Giving concrete examples deepens understanding.
Usage 具体 is almost always used as 具体的 (concrete, specific): 具体的に言うと (to be specific), 具体例 (a concrete example), 具体化する (make concrete). Its opposite is 抽象的.
Remember it 具 (complete, equipped) + 体 (body, form) → given a complete, solid form.
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35
総括そうかつ
summary, comprehensive review総括
Example & memory tip
今年の活動を総括して来年の計画を立てる。
We'll review this year's activities and then draw up next year's plan.
Usage 総括 is a summary or overall review: 総括する, 一年を総括する (look back on the year). まとめ is the everyday word.
Remember it 総 (all, overall) + 括 (to bundle) → bundling everything together.
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36
俯瞰ふかん
bird's-eye view俯瞰
Example & memory tip
物事を俯瞰的に見る視点が重要だ。
It's important to be able to look at things from a bird's-eye view.
Usage 俯瞰 is looking down from above, seeing the whole picture: 俯瞰的に見る (see the big picture), 俯瞰図 (bird's-eye view map). A favorite word in business Japanese.
Remember it 俯 (to look down) + 瞰 (to gaze from a height) → gazing down from a height.
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37
裏付けうらづけ
substantiation, backing裏付
Example & memory tip
データによる裏付けがなければ主張は説得力を失う。
Without backing from data, an argument loses its persuasiveness.
Usage 裏付け is supporting evidence: 裏付けがある, データの裏付け. The verb is 裏付ける (to back up, corroborate): 証言を裏付ける証拠.
Remember it 裏 (back) + 付ける (to attach) → attaching support from behind.
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38
立証りっしょう
proof, demonstration立証
Example & memory tip
無実を立証するために証拠を集めた。
I gathered evidence to prove my innocence.
Usage 立証 is proving something with evidence, especially in law: 無実を立証する, 立証責任 (burden of proof). 証明 (しょうめい) is proof in general, including math.
Remember it 立 (to establish) + 証 (proof) → establishing proof.
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39
帰納きのう
induction (logic)帰納
Example & memory tip
帰納法は個別の事例から一般法則を導く方法だ。
Induction is a method of deriving general laws from individual cases.
Usage 帰納 = induction, from specific cases to a general rule: 帰納法, 帰納的. Its opposite is 演繹 (deduction).
Remember it 帰 (to return) + 納 (to gather in) → gathering cases in to one rule.
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40
演繹えんえき
deduction (logic)演繹
Example & memory tip
演繹法は一般法則から個別の結論を導く。
Deduction derives specific conclusions from general laws.
Usage 演繹 = deduction, from a general rule to specific conclusions: 演繹法, 演繹的. Its opposite is 帰納 (induction).
Remember it 演 (to extend) + 繹 (to unravel) → unraveling a general rule into specifics.
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41
矛盾点むじゅんてん
point of contradiction矛盾点
Example & memory tip
相手の主張の矛盾点を指摘した。
I pointed out the contradictions in the other person's argument.
Usage 矛盾点 is a specific point of contradiction: 矛盾点を指摘する (point out contradictions), 矛盾点を見つける. 点 turns a noun into a point: 問題点 (problem), 共通点 (common point).
Remember it 矛盾 (spear and shield: contradiction) + 点 (point) → the point where spear meets shield.