~からには
~からには means 'now that.../since...'. Expresses obligation or natural consequence given the situation. Stronger than から. Often used for duty/responsibility.
一度言ったからには、約束は守るべきだ。
Now that you've said it once, you should keep your promise.
N1 Grammar guide · group 24 of 29
13 grammar points, each with what it means and example sentences.
Practise this group~からには means 'now that.../since...'. Expresses obligation or natural consequence given the situation. Stronger than から. Often used for duty/responsibility.
一度言ったからには、約束は守るべきだ。
Now that you've said it once, you should keep your promise.
~はずがなければ means 'if it weren't supposed to be...'. Used in negative inference: if A weren't true, B wouldn't happen.
彼は知らないはずがなければ、そんなことを言うわけがない。
If he wasn't supposed to know, there's no way he would say such a thing.
~でありながら means 'despite being.../although...'. Formal. Used to contrast status/identity with unexpected behavior.
彼は学者でありながら、世間のことを知らない。
Despite being a scholar, he doesn't know about worldly matters.
彼は学者でありながら、言葉遣いが悪い。
Despite being a scholar, his language is bad.
彼は学者でありながら、一般人の目線で話す。
Despite being a scholar, he speaks from an ordinary person's perspective.
彼は金持ちでありながら、贅沢を好まない。
Despite being rich, he doesn't like luxury.
~であるばかりか means 'not only...but also...'. Emphatic version of だけでなく. Used to add surprising additional information.
彼は天才であるばかりか、努力もする。
He is not only a genius but also puts in effort.
彼は天才であるばかりか、人格者でもある。
He is not only a genius but also a man of character.
~に足る means 'to be worth.../to be sufficient for...'. Very formal/literary. Often with 読むに足る、信じるに足る.
この本は読むに足る価値がある名著だ。
This is a masterpiece worth reading.
~だけ~ても means 'no matter how much.../even if...'. Emphasizes that despite doing A to the fullest, B doesn't happen.
この薬は飲むだけ飲んでも、病状は改善しない。
No matter how much of this medicine you take, the condition won't improve.
~でありながらも is an emphatic form of でありながら. Means 'even though.../despite being...'. も adds emphasis to the contrast.
彼は金持ちでありながらも、募金活動をしている。
Even though he is rich, he does fundraising activities.
~だからといって means 'just because...doesn't mean...'. Used to deny that A necessarily leads to B.
彼は金持ちだからといって、信頼できるとは限らない。
Just because he is rich, it doesn't necessarily mean he is trustworthy.
~かねない attaches to the Vます stem and warns that an undesirable outcome might occur. More formal than かもしれない; implies a real risk the speaker perceives.
このままでは、プロジェクト全体が崩壊しかねない。
At this rate, the entire project might collapse.
'Not even one [unit].' Always negative. Counter+たりとも+negative. Very formal/literary.
一文字たりとも間違いがあってはならない正式な文書だ。
Not even a single character error is acceptable in this formal document.
'Even if not [fully], at least.' Acknowledges ideal not reached but affirms a lesser level. V/Adjない+まで+も.
完璧に理解していないまでも、基本的な概念は押さえておく必要がある。
Even without perfect understanding, the basic concepts must be grasped.
'Undaunted by / without being daunted by.' Shows the subject overcomes hardship fearlessly. N+をものともせず.
体の痛みをものともせず、彼女は最後まで演奏を続けた。
Undaunted by physical pain, she continued playing until the end.
'In accordance with / based on.' Used for following rules, facts, reality, or principles. N+に即して/に即した.
規則に即して、全ての従業員が行動する必要がある。
All employees need to act in accordance with the rules.