～まいとする
～まいとする expresses negative volition 'try not to/avoid doing'. まいと is the conditional form meaning 'in order not to'. Very formal/literary.
親に心配をかけまいと、黙っていた。
I kept quiet so as not to cause my parents worry.
N1 Grammar guide · group 23 of 29
JLPT N1 grammar, group 23
16 grammar points, each with what it means and example sentences.
Practise this group～により
～により/によって means 'due to/because of'. により is more formal and used in writing. Often for causes of events, disasters, announcements.
台風により、全便欠航となった。
Due to the typhoon, all flights were cancelled.
～に違いない
～に違いない expresses strong certainty based on speaker's conviction. 'It must be/it’s certain that...'. Stronger than だろう/はずだ.
雨が降ろうが雪が降ろうが、彼は来るに違いない。
Whether it rains or snows, he will certainly come.
～そうで...ない
～そうで...ない means 'contrary to appearance/although it seems...'. Expresses that reality differs from expectation.
この仕事は簡単そうで、誰もやらない。
Although this job looks easy, no one does it.
～ことは～が
～ことは～が means 'it is true that...but...'. Concedes a point before stating a drawback or contrast. Formal pattern.
この薬は効くことは効くが、副作用が怖い。
It is true that this medicine works, but the side effects are scary.
～ば～ほど
～ば～ほど means 'the more...the more...'. Shows proportional increase. Classic N1 pattern for expressing correlation.
この問題は考えれば考えるほど答えから遠ざかる。
The more you think about this problem, the further you get from the answer.
この問題は考えれば考えるほど複雑に見える。
The more you think about this problem, the more complex it looks.
～たるがゆえに
～たるがゆえに means 'because of being.../due to being...'. Emphasizes that status/role is the reason. Very formal.
彼は天才たるがゆえに、孤独だ。
Because of being a genius, he is lonely.
～でありながら
～でありながら means 'despite being.../although...'. Formal. Used to contrast status/identity with unexpected behavior or deficiency. Implies criticism.
彼は医者でありながら、人の心が分からない。
Despite being a doctor, he doesn't understand people's hearts.
～ない限り
～ない限り means 'unless.../as long as...not'. Used for conditions that must be met. More emphatic than なければ.
この薬は飲まない限り、死に至る可能性がある。
Unless you take this medicine, there is a possibility of death.
～にあたっては
～にあたっては means 'at the time of/when...'. Used for occasions, events, or starting something important. は adds contrast/emphasis.
契約の更新にあたっては、条件を再確認した。
When it comes to renewing the contract, we reconfirmed the conditions.
～だけ～ても
～だけ～ても means 'no matter how much.../even if...'. Emphasizes that despite doing A to the fullest, B doesn't happen or is weak.
この薬は飲むだけ飲んでも、効き目が弱い。
No matter how much of this medicine you take, the effect is weak.
～かねない
～かねない attaches to the Vます stem and warns that an undesirable outcome might occur. More formal than かもしれない; implies a real risk the speaker perceives.
過剰な借金は、会社の経営を危うくしかねない。
Excessive debt might jeopardize the company's management.
～たりとも
'Not even one [unit].' Always negative. Counter+たりとも+negative. Very formal/literary.
一瞬たりとも気を緩めることができない作業だ。
It is work where one cannot relax even for a moment.
～ないまでも
'Even if not [fully], at least.' Acknowledges ideal not reached but affirms a lesser level. V/Adjない+まで+も.
毎日連絡しないまでも、週に一度は近況を伝えるべきだ。
Even if not every day, you should update them at least once a week.
～をものともせず
'Undaunted by / without being daunted by.' Shows the subject overcomes hardship fearlessly. N+をものともせず.
反対意見をものともせず、社長は新事業を立ち上げた。
Undaunted by opposition, the president launched the new business.
～に即して
'In accordance with / based on.' Used for following rules, facts, reality, or principles. N+に即して/に即した.
事実に即して、正直に報告することが求められる。
Honest reporting in accordance with the facts is required.