~に比べて
「他の店に比べて」 compares the actual result with another standard or expectation.
他の店に比べて、この店は安い。
Compared to other stores, this store is cheap.
N2 Grammar guide · group 6 of 20
22 grammar points, each with what it means and example sentences.
Practise this group「他の店に比べて」 compares the actual result with another standard or expectation.
他の店に比べて、この店は安い。
Compared to other stores, this store is cheap.
~によって marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「によって」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: 年齢によって、考え方が違う。
年齢によって、考え方が違う。
Depending on age, ways of thinking differ.
「のみならず」 adds a second point beyond the first one: not only A, but also B. The second clause usually feels like an extra or stronger point.
この薬は子供のみならず大人も飲めます。
This medicine can be taken not only by children but also by adults.
~である前に marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「である前に」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: 彼は医者である前に、優しい人だ。
彼は医者である前に、優しい人だ。
Before being a doctor, he is a kind person.
~に適用される marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「に」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: この規則は学生に適用される。
この規則は学生に適用される。
This rule applies to students.
「知っていながらも」 expresses a concession: despite A being true, B is also true, and the two are in tension. It is softer than のに and neutral in register.
彼は知っていながらも、遅刻した。
Even though he knew, he was late.
「いくら考えても」 says the result stays the same no matter how strong the condition is.
この問題はいくら考えても、解けない。
No matter how much I think, I can't solve this problem.
「強いとはいえ」 creates a concession: the second clause goes against what the first clause would normally lead you to expect.
彼は強いとはいえ、誰にも勝てない。
As strong as he is, he can't beat anyone.
~つつある marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「減りつつある」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: この地域の森林は、年々減りつつある。
この地域の森林は、年々減りつつある。
The forests in this area are steadily shrinking year by year.
「招待したにもかかわらず」 creates a concession: the second clause goes against what the first clause would normally lead you to expect.
招待したにもかかわらず、彼は来なかった。
Despite being invited, he didn't come.
「苦いけれども」 creates a concession: the second clause goes against what the first clause would normally lead you to expect.
この薬は苦いけれども、よく効く。
Although bitter, this medicine works well.
見た目に反して marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「見た目に反して」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: 彼は見た目に反して、優しい人だ。
彼は見た目に反して、優しい人だ。
Contrary to appearance, he is a kind person.
誰をも marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「誰をも疑う」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: 彼は誰をも疑う、誰も信じない。
彼は誰をも疑う、誰も信じない。
He suspects everyone and trusts no one.
「あの店と比べると」 compares the actual result with another standard or expectation.
あの店と比べると、この店は高い。
Compared to that store, this store is expensive.
「はもとより」 presents the first item as obvious and expected, then adds that B is also true. It is stronger than だけでなく — A is already a given, and B adds even more.
この湿地は、渡り鳥はもとより、多くの生き物の生息地になっている。
This wetland is a habitat for many creatures, to say nothing of migratory birds.
~に反して marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「タイトルに反して」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: この本はタイトルに反して、面白い。
この本はタイトルに反して、面白い。
Contrary to the title, this book is interesting.
「どんなことがあっても」 expresses absolute determination or certainty that holds regardless of any circumstances. It emphasizes that no situation can change the outcome.
彼はどんなことがあっても、笑顔を絶やさない。
No matter what happens, he never loses his smile.
「どの角度から見ても」 sets the standpoint, role, or standard used to judge the second clause.
この問題はどの角度から見ても、重要だ。
From any angle, this problem is important.
「急がない限り」 sets a necessary condition: unless that condition changes, the result in the second clause remains true.
この仕事は急がない限り、終わらない。
Unless you hurry, this work won't finish.
~にすぎない means 'nothing but; merely; only'. It downplays the significance of something. Pattern: N / V-plain / adj + にすぎない.
これはあくまで私の個人的な意見にすぎない。
This is nothing but my personal opinion.
~に応じて marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「に応じて」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: 作物の種類は、その土地の気候に応じて、選ばれてきた。
作物の種類は、その土地の気候に応じて、選ばれてきた。
Crop varieties have been chosen according to the climate of each region.
~を余儀なくされる marks the key relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Here, 「余儀なくされた」 matches both the sentence meaning and the completed structure: 水位の上昇で、住民は移転を余儀なくされた。
水位の上昇で、住民は移転を余儀なくされた。
Rising water levels forced residents to relocate.