～なり
～なり indicates action B happens immediately after action A. Very formal. Follows dictionary form verb. Often with 見る、聞く、帰る.
彼は家に帰るなり、倒れるように眠ってしまった。
The moment he got home, he collapsed into sleep.
N1 Grammar guide · group 3 of 29
JLPT N1 grammar, group 3
13 grammar points, each with what it means and example sentences.
Practise this group～にこたえて
～にこたえて means 'in response to/meeting...'. Used with expectations, demands, trust. Formal. Different from に応じて which is 'according to'.
親の期待にこたえて、医者になった。
I became a doctor in response to my parents' expectations.
～でありながらも
～でありながらも is an emphatic form of でありながら. Means 'even though.../despite being...'. も adds emphasis to the contrast.
彼は医者でありながらも、患者を救えなかった。
Even though he is a doctor, he couldn't save the patient.
～でありながら
～でありながら means 'despite being.../although...'. Formal. Used to contrast status/identity with unexpected action.
彼は医者でありながら、患者を見殺しにした。
Despite being a doctor, he let the patient die.
彼は医者でありながら、人を救えなかった。
Despite being a doctor, he couldn't save the person.
彼は学者でありながら、現場を軽視しない。
Despite being a scholar, he doesn't disregard the field.
彼は医者でありながら、治療を拒否した。
Despite being a doctor, he refused treatment.
～とはいえ
～とはいえ means 'although.../even so...'. Used to concede a point before stating a contrast. More formal than けど/けれど.
彼は貧しいとはいえ、幸福だ。
Although he is poor, he is happy.
彼は貧しいとはいえ、人に施す。
Although he is poor, he gives to others.
彼は貧しいとはいえ、誇り高く生きる。
Although he is poor, he lives with pride.
～たるがゆえに
～たるがゆえに means 'because of being.../due to being...'. Emphasizes that status/role is the reason. Very formal.
彼は天才たるがゆえに、理解されない。
Because of being a genius, he is not understood.
～であるにしては
～であるにしては means 'for someone who is.../considering that...'. Used when reality doesn't match what's expected from the status.
彼は医者であるにしては、注射が下手だ。
For someone who is a doctor, he is bad at injections.
～だけに
～だけに means 'precisely because.../all the more because...'. Emphasizes that A is the reason for B. Used when the reason is obvious.
この仕事は危険なだけに、最高の注意が必要だ。
Precisely because this job is dangerous, the utmost caution is necessary.
～を余儀なくされる
～を余儀なくされる means to be forced or compelled to do something due to circumstances beyond one's control. It attaches to a noun (action noun) + を.
経営不振のため、チェーン店は複数店舗の閉鎖を余儀なくされた。
Due to poor management performance, the chain was forced to close multiple stores.
～んばかりに
'As if about to / looking as though one might.' Classical negative ん. Vない stem+んばかりに. Literary.
社長は怒りで爆発せんばかりの様子で会議に臨んだ。
The president attended the meeting looking as if he were about to explode with anger.
～極まりない
'Extremely / in the extreme.' Na-adj+極まりない or Na-adj+極まる. Very formal, often negative nuance.
見知らぬ人の家に無断で入るとは危険極まりない行為だ。
Entering a stranger's house without permission is an extremely dangerous act.
～にもほどがある
'There's a limit to [bad behavior / excessive degree].' Expresses exasperation that something has gone too far. N/V/Adj+にもほどがある.
他人に迷惑をかけるにもほどがあるにもほどがある。謝罪して当然だ。
There's a limit to causing trouble for others. An apology is only natural.
～しかるべき
'Appropriate / proper / as it should be.' Used to describe what is proper or fitting given the situation. しかるべき+N, or しかるべきだ.
功績のあった社員にはしかるべき報酬が支払われるべきだ。
Employees with merits should receive appropriate compensation.