N1 Lesson 5 of 73 · 20 words
国際関係・外交
International Relations
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1
主権国家しゅけんこっか
sovereign state主権国家
Example & memory tip
主権国家は他国の干渉なしに自国の政策を決定できる。
A sovereign state can decide its own policy without interference from others.
Usage 主権国家体制 names the Westphalian order of states. Built from 主権 and 国家, and the standard contrast is with 植民地 or 保護国, territories without that standing.
Remember it 主権 (sovereignty) + 国家 (state) → the state that holds the highest authority itself.
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2
紛争ふんそう
conflict紛争
Example & memory tip
地域紛争を解決するために国連が介入した。
The UN intervened to resolve the regional conflict.
Usage 武力紛争, 紛争地域, 紛争解決. Broader than 戦争: a 紛争 may be legal or territorial and need not involve fighting — 労働紛争 is an industrial dispute.
Remember it 紛 (tangled, confused) + 争 (contend) → contending inside a tangle.
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3
内戦ないせん
civil war内戦
Example & memory tip
内戦により国内は分断され、多くの市民が逃げた。
Civil war split the country and many citizens fled.
Usage 内戦が勃発する, 内戦状態. War between factions inside one state, as against 戦争 between states. 内 marks the inside throughout: 内政, 内閣, 内部.
Remember it 内 (inside) + 戦 (war) → the war fought inside one country.
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4
停戦ていせん
ceasefire停戦
Example & memory tip
両軍は停戦合意に達し、戦闘が止んだ。
The two armies reached a ceasefire and the fighting stopped.
Usage 停戦合意, 停戦協定, 停戦ライン. Simply a halt to the shooting — 休戦 implies a more formal arrangement and 講和 a settlement that ends the war.
Remember it 停 (halt) + 戦 (fighting) → the fighting brought to a halt.
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5
休戦きゅうせん
truce休戦
Example & memory tip
休戦協定が結ばれ、交渉が始まった。
A truce was concluded and negotiations began.
Usage 休戦協定, 休戦期間. More formal than 停戦 and often a step toward peace, though the war is not legally over until 講和.
Remember it 休 (rest) + 戦 (war) → the war put to rest for a while.
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6
講和こうわ
peace treaty講和
Example & memory tip
戦争の末、両国は講和条約を結んだ。
At the end of the war the two countries concluded a peace treaty.
Usage 講和条約 is the term to know — the Treaty of San Francisco is サンフランシスコ講和条約. 講和交渉 is the negotiation. Weightier than 和平, which is peace as a state of affairs.
Remember it 講 (confer, discuss) + 和 (peace) → conferring your way to peace.
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7
領事館りょうじかん
consulate領事館
Example & memory tip
旅券を紛失した場合、領事館で再発行を申請できる。
If you lose your passport you can apply at the consulate for a replacement.
Usage 領事 is the consul, 総領事館 a consulate-general. Distinct from 大使館, the embassy: an embassy sits in the capital and handles relations between states, a consulate handles citizens' business in other cities.
Remember it 領事 (consul) + 館 (building) → the consul's building.
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8
国連こくれん
United Nations国連
Example & memory tip
国連は世界平和と安全を維持するために設立された。
The United Nations was founded to maintain world peace and security.
Usage Short for 国際連合. 国連加盟国, 国連決議, 国連事務総長 for the Secretary-General. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, is 国際連盟 — one character apart, so read carefully.
Remember it 国 (nation) + 連 (join) → nations joined, clipped from 国際連合.
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9
安保理あんぽり
Security Council安保理
Example & memory tip
安保理は常任理事国の拒否権により機能が制限されることがある。
The Security Council's function is sometimes limited by the permanent members' veto.
Usage Short for 安全保障理事会. 常任理事国 are the five permanent members, 非常任理事国 the elected ones, and 拒否権 the veto that recurs in every discussion of it.
Remember it 安保 (security) + 理 (council) → clipped from 安全保障理事会.
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10
人道主義じんどうしゅぎ
humanitarianism人道主義
Example & memory tip
人道主義の精神から、被災者への支援が行われた。
In a humanitarian spirit, support was provided to the disaster victims.
Usage 人道支援 for humanitarian aid, 人道的危機 for a humanitarian crisis, 人道に対する罪 for crimes against humanity. The adjective 人道的 is far more common than the full ‑主義 form.
Remember it 人道 (the way of humanity) + 主義 (‑ism) → holding to what is owed to a human being.
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11
開発途上国かいはつとじょうこく
developing country開発途上国
Example & memory tip
開発途上国への技術移転が重要な課題となっている。
Transferring technology to developing countries has become an important issue.
Usage Often shortened to 途上国. Its opposite is 先進国; nearby are 新興国 for emerging economies and 後発開発途上国 for the least developed. 発展途上国 is an equally common variant.
Remember it 開発 (development) + 途上 (on the way) + 国 (country) → a country still on the road to development.
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12
グローバル化グローバルか
globalization化
Example & memory tip
グローバル化により、世界の経済はより密接につながっている。
Globalisation has tied the world's economies more closely together.
Usage グローバル化が進む, グローバル化の影響. The ‑化 suffix turns any noun into a process: 国際化, 少子化, 機械化. The fuller グローバリゼーション also appears in academic writing.
Remember it グローバル (global) + 化 (‑isation) → the world being made global.
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13
多国籍企業たこくせききぎょう
multinational corporation多国籍企業
Example & memory tip
多国籍企業は複数の国で事業を展開している。
Multinational corporations operate businesses in several countries.
Usage Built from 多 + 国籍 + 企業. Nearby: グローバル企業, 現地法人 for a local subsidiary, 海外進出 for expanding abroad. 国籍 on its own is a person's nationality.
Remember it 多 (many) + 国籍 (nationality) + 企業 (company) → a company holding many nationalities at once.
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14
テロテロ
terrorism
Example & memory tip
テロに対抗するためには国際的な協力が不可欠だ。
International cooperation is essential to countering terrorism.
Usage Short for テロリズム. テロ組織, テロ攻撃, テロ対策, 自爆テロ for a suicide attack. A テロリスト is the person.
Remember it テロ clips the English terrorism, itself from Latin terror, dread.
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15
核兵器かくへいき
nuclear weapon核兵器
Example & memory tip
核兵器の廃絶は国際社会の長年の悲願だ。
Abolishing nuclear weapons has been the long-held wish of the international community.
Usage 核兵器禁止条約, 核保有国, 核抑止力 for deterrence, 非核三原則 for Japan's three non-nuclear principles. 核 alone carries the nuclear sense throughout: 核実験, 核燃料.
Remember it 核 (nucleus) + 兵器 (weapon) → a weapon that works on the nucleus.
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16
軍縮ぐんしゅく
disarmament軍縮
Example & memory tip
軍縮交渉が難航しているが、対話は続けられている。
Disarmament talks are going badly, but dialogue continues.
Usage 軍縮条約, 核軍縮, 軍縮会議. Its opposite is 軍拡, an arms build-up — the two are often set against each other in the same sentence.
Remember it 軍 (military) + 縮 (shrink) → shrinking the military.
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17
平和主義へいわしゅぎ
pacifism平和主義
Example & memory tip
日本国憲法の第九条は平和主義の理念に基づいている。
Article 9 of Japan's constitution rests on the principle of pacifism.
Usage 平和主義者 for a pacifist, and 積極的平和主義 — proactive pacifism — for the contested Japanese policy doctrine. Related: 非武装, 戦争放棄.
Remember it 平和 (peace) + 主義 (‑ism) → holding peace as the principle.
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18
民族主義みんぞくしゅぎ
nationalism民族主義
Example & memory tip
民族主義の高揚が国際関係を複雑にしている。
Rising nationalism is complicating international relations.
Usage 民族主義運動, 過激な民族主義. Keep apart 愛国心, patriotism, which is warm, and 国粋主義, ultranationalism, which is harsher. 民族 itself is an ethnic people, not a state.
Remember it 民族 (an ethnic people) + 主義 (‑ism) → putting your own people first.
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19
帝国主義ていこくしゅぎ
imperialism帝国主義
Example & memory tip
帝国主義は他国を支配し搾取する体制だ。
Imperialism is a system of dominating and exploiting other countries.
Usage 帝国主義時代, 帝国主義的侵略. Closely tied to 植民地主義. 帝国 alone is an empire — ローマ帝国, 大英帝国.
Remember it 帝国 (empire) + 主義 (‑ism) → the drive to make an empire.
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20
植民地主義しょくみんちしゅぎ
colonialism植民地主義
Example & memory tip
植民地主義が残した傷跡は、今日もなお深い。
The scars left by colonialism are deep even today.
Usage 植民地化 for colonisation, 脱植民地化 for decolonisation, 植民地支配 for colonial rule. 植民地 by itself is a colony.
Remember it 植 (plant) + 民 (people) + 地 (land) + 主義 (‑ism) → planting your own people on another's land.