N1 Lesson 17 of 73 · 37 words
抽象概念・超級
Abstract Concepts
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1
必然ひつぜん
inevitable必然
Example & memory tip
技術の進歩と既存産業の衰退は、歴史的に見れば必然の流れと言えるかもしれない。
Technological progress and the decline of established industries may, historically, be an inevitable course.
Usage 必然的 is the common adjective, 必然性 the noun for inevitability. Its pair is 偶然 — 必然と偶然 is a standard philosophical framing.
Remember it 必 (certainly) + 然 (so) → bound to be so.
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2
偶然ぐうぜん
accidental偶然
Example & memory tip
偶然の出会いが人生を大きく変えることがある。それが運命と呼ばれるものかもしれない。
A chance meeting can change a life. Perhaps that is what people call fate.
Usage 偶然に for by chance, 偶然の一致 for a coincidence, 単なる偶然. Also an adverb on its own. Paired with 必然, and related to 運命 in the way people talk about it.
Remember it 偶 (by chance, also even-numbered) + 然 (so) → so, but only as it happened to fall out.
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3
因果いんが
causality因果
Example & memory tip
仏教では因果の法則が重視され、善い行いは善い結果を、悪い行いは悪い結果をもたらすとされる。
Buddhism stresses the law of cause and effect: good acts bring good results, bad acts bad ones.
Usage 因果関係, 因果律, 因果応報. Both a logical term and a Buddhist one. The idiom 因果を含める means to persuade someone to accept an unwelcome situation.
Remember it 因 (cause) + 果 (fruit, effect) → the cause and the fruit it bears.
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4
宿業しゅくごう
past karma宿業
Example & memory tip
宿業という概念は、人が生まれながらに持つ業が現世の苦しみや喜びを決定するという思想だ。
The idea of past karma holds that the karma a person is born with determines this life's suffering and joy.
Usage Buddhist, read しゅくごう. Related: 業 for karma itself, 宿命 for a fixed destiny, 前世 for a previous life. Rare outside religious or literary writing.
Remember it 宿 (lodged from before) + 業 (karma) → the karma already lodged in you when you arrived.
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5
実体じったい
substance実体
Example & memory tip
噂の実体を確認するために、直接現地を訪れて調査した。
To check the substance behind the rumour, they visited the site and investigated directly.
Usage 実体を掴む, 実体のない話, 実体経済 for the real economy as against the financial one. Distinguish the homophone 実態, the actual state of affairs — 実態調査 is a fact-finding survey.
Remember it 実 (real) + 体 (body) → the actual body of the thing, not the report of it.
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6
虚構きょこう
fiction虚構
Example & memory tip
小説や映画は虚構の世界だが、そこに描かれる人間の感情や葛藤はしばしば現実より真実に近い。
Novels and films are fiction, yet the emotions and conflicts they depict are often nearer the truth than reality.
Usage 虚構の世界, 虚構と現実. フィクション says the same in katakana. 虚 recurs in 虚無, 虚栄心, 虚偽 — all of them hollow or false.
Remember it 虚 (hollow, unreal) + 構 (construct) → a structure built out of nothing.
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7
抽象ちゅうしょう
abstract抽象
Example & memory tip
抽象的な議論ばかりでは前に進まないため、具体的な事例を交えて説明した。
Discussion stayed abstract and went nowhere, so I explained with concrete examples.
Usage 抽象的 is the form you will meet, and 具体的 its constant opposite — 抽象的な議論 versus 具体的な事例. Also 抽象画 for abstract painting, 抽象化 for abstraction.
Remember it 抽 (draw out) + 象 (form, image) → drawing the shared form out and leaving the particulars behind.
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8
具体ぐたい
concrete具体
Example & memory tip
理論を具体的な数値や事例で示すことで、聴衆の理解が格段に深まった。
Showing the theory with concrete figures and examples deepened the audience's understanding considerably.
Usage 具体的に, 具体例, 具体化する. Almost always met as 具体的; the bare noun is rare. Its constant opposite is 抽象.
Remember it 具 (in full, furnished) + 体 (body) → given a body you can point at.
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9
普遍ふへん
universal普遍
Example & memory tip
人権は文化や国籍を超えた普遍的な価値観として国際社会に認められている。
Human rights are recognised internationally as a universal value transcending culture and nationality.
Usage 普遍的, 普遍性, 普遍的価値. The opposite is 特殊. Distinguish the homophone 不変, unchanging — 普遍 is everywhere, 不変 is always.
Remember it 普 (widely) + 遍 (everywhere) → holding everywhere, for everyone.
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10
特殊とくしゅ
particular特殊
Example & memory tip
特殊な環境で進化した生物は、その環境が変わると絶滅の危機にさらされる。
Creatures that evolved in a particular environment face extinction when that environment changes.
Usage 特殊な事情, 特殊性, 特殊詐欺 for the organised phone scams reported constantly in Japan. Its opposites are 普遍 and 一般.
Remember it 特 (special) + 殊 (distinct) → set apart from the general case.
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11
独自どくじ
unique独自
Example & memory tip
日本は西洋の技術を取り入れながらも、独自の文化と価値観を維持してきた。
While adopting Western technology, Japan has maintained its own distinctive culture and values.
Usage 独自の方法, 独自性, 独自に開発する, 独自路線. Note 独自 means proprietary or original, not lonely — that is 孤独.
Remember it 独 (alone) + 自 (self) → arrived at by yourself, owing nothing to others.
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12
多元たげん
pluralistic多元
Example & memory tip
多元的な価値観を尊重する社会では、異なる意見が共存できる寛容さが求められる。
A society that respects plural values needs the tolerance to let differing opinions coexist.
Usage 多元的, 多元主義 for pluralism, 多元化. Its opposite is 一元. Related: 多様性 for diversity, the more common word in everyday policy talk.
Remember it 多 (many) + 元 (origin, principle) → many sources rather than one.
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13
一元いちげん
monistic一元
Example & memory tip
一元的な管理システムに切り替えることで、情報の分散を防ぎ効率が上がった。
Switching to centralised management prevented information being scattered and raised efficiency.
Usage 一元化 and 一元管理 are the practical forms — consolidating under one system. 一元論 is monism in philosophy. Opposites: 多元, 分散.
Remember it 一 (one) + 元 (origin) → everything traced back to a single source.
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14
全体ぜんたい
whole全体
Example & memory tip
部分を最適化するだけでは不十分で、全体としてのバランスを保つことが重要だ。
Optimising the parts is not enough; keeping the balance of the whole is what matters.
Usage 全体的に, 全体像 for the big picture, 全体主義 for totalitarianism. Paired with 部分, and 部分最適 versus 全体最適 is standard business vocabulary.
Remember it 全 (entire) + 体 (body) → the entire body of the thing.
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15
部分ぶぶん
part部分
Example & memory tip
部分の和が全体と等しいとは限らず、全体は部分の総和を超えることがある。
The sum of the parts does not always equal the whole; the whole can exceed their total.
Usage 部分的に, 大部分, 部分最適. 一部 is a portion of something; 部分 is a component that belongs to a structure.
Remember it 部 (section) + 分 (divided piece) → the piece the whole divides into.
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16
構造こうぞう
structure構造
Example & memory tip
社会構造の変化を無視して個人の努力だけで問題を解決しようとするのは限界がある。
Trying to solve problems by individual effort alone, ignoring changes in social structure, has its limits.
Usage 構造的な問題, 構造改革, 社会構造, 二重構造. 構造的 is the adjective that matters — a structural problem is not one person's fault, a point N1 passages make often.
Remember it 構 (frame) + 造 (build) → how the thing is framed and built.
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17
機能きのう
function機能
Example & memory tip
脳の各部位がそれぞれの機能を担い、互いに連携することで高度な認知活動が実現する。
Each region of the brain carries its own function, and high-level cognition emerges from their linkage.
Usage 機能する, 機能不全 for dysfunction, 多機能, 機能的. In grammar and linguistics, 機能語 are function words.
Remember it 機 (mechanism) + 能 (capability) → what the mechanism is able to do.
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18
関係かんけい
relation関係
Example & memory tip
人間関係の質は生活の満足度に大きく影響し、孤立は健康にも悪影響を与える。
The quality of human relationships strongly affects life satisfaction, and isolation harms health too.
Usage 関係を築く, 人間関係, 因果関係, 無関係. Also the everyday 関係ない — nothing to do with it. 関係者 means the people concerned.
Remember it 関 (connect) + 係 (link) → what connects and links two things.
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19
客観きゃっかん
objective客観
Example & memory tip
客観的なデータに基づいて判断することで、感情や偏見による誤りを防ぐことができる。
Judging on objective data prevents errors caused by emotion or prejudice.
Usage 客観的, 客観性, 客観的事実. Almost always in the ‑的 form. Its opposite 主観 pairs with it constantly — 主観と客観.
Remember it 客 (guest, outsider) + 観 (view) → the view from outside, as a guest sees it.
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20
主観しゅかん
subjective主観
Example & memory tip
芸術の評価には主観が入ることが避けられないが、だからこそ多様な解釈が生まれる。
Subjectivity is unavoidable in judging art — which is exactly why many readings arise.
Usage 主観的, 主観を交える, 主観的意見. The opposite of 客観. Also 主観的には for 'in my own view'.
Remember it 主 (the subject, the self) + 観 (view) → the view from where you stand.
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21
超越ちょうえつ
transcendence超越
Example & memory tip
人間の理解を超越した存在についての問いは、宗教と哲学が共に向き合ってきたテーマだ。
Questions about beings that transcend human understanding are a theme religion and philosophy have both faced.
Usage 超越する, 超越的存在, 自己超越. In Kant scholarship, 超越論的 renders transcendental. Everyday use: 常識を超越した — beyond common sense.
Remember it 超 (go beyond) + 越 (cross over) → going beyond and crossing out of the ordinary range.
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22
究極きゅうきょく
ultimate究極
Example & memory tip
科学の究極の目標は、宇宙と生命の謎を解き明かすことかもしれない。
The ultimate goal of science may be to unravel the mysteries of the universe and of life.
Usage 究極の目標, 究極の選択 for an impossible choice, 究極的には for 'in the final analysis'. Stronger than 最終 — a 究極 aim is the furthest one can go.
Remember it 究 (pursue to the end) + 極 (the extreme point) → pursued all the way to the extreme.
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23
実存じつぞん
existence実存
Example & memory tip
サルトルの「実存は本質に先立つ」という命題は、実存主義の根幹をなす考え方だ。
Sartre's proposition that existence precedes essence is the foundation of existentialism.
Usage 実存主義, 実存的不安. A philosophical term specifically: concrete individual existence, as against 存在 for being in general and 実在 for actually being real.
Remember it 実 (actual) + 存 (exist) → existing as this particular, actual person.
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24
総合そうごう
synthesis総合
Example & memory tip
様々な分野の知識を総合することで、単独の視点では見えなかった全体像が浮かび上がる。
Synthesising knowledge from various fields brings out a whole picture no single viewpoint could see.
Usage 総合する, 総合的, 総合病院 for a general hospital, 総合商社 for a trading conglomerate. Its counterpart is 分析.
Remember it 総 (all together) + 合 (combine) → putting all of it together.
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25
分析ぶんせき
analysis分析
Example & memory tip
データを多角的に分析し、問題の根本原因を特定することが解決への第一歩だ。
Analysing the data from several angles and identifying the root cause is the first step to a solution.
Usage 分析する, 分析力, データ分析, 自己分析 for the self-examination job-hunting students do. Paired with 総合.
Remember it 分 (divide) + 析 (split apart) → dividing it up to see what it is made of.
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26
超人ちょうじん
Übermensch超人
Example & memory tip
ニーチェの超人とは、既存の価値観を超え、自ら新しい価値を創造する存在のことを指す。
Nietzsche's Übermensch means a being who goes beyond existing values and creates new ones.
Usage The Japanese rendering of Übermensch, tied to ニーチェ and 神は死んだ. In casual speech it also just means someone with superhuman stamina — 彼は超人だ.
Remember it 超 (beyond) + 人 (human) → the one who has gone past what a human was.
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27
不条理ふじょうり
absurdity不条理
Example & memory tip
カミュは不条理を、意味を求める人間と意味を与えない世界との衝突として定義した。
Camus defined the absurd as the collision between a human demand for meaning and a world that gives none.
Usage 不条理な状況, 不条理演劇 for theatre of the absurd. 条理 alone is reason or logic, so the word is its negation — Camus's 異邦人 and シーシュポスの神話 are the standard references.
Remember it 不 (not) + 条理 (reason, coherence) → what refuses to come out reasonable.
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28
カタストロフカタストロフ
catastrophe
Example & memory tip
核戦争や気候変動が引き起こすカタストロフを避けるための国際協力が急務だ。
International cooperation is urgently needed to avert the catastrophe that nuclear war or climate change would bring.
Usage Also written カタストロフィー. The native equivalent 破局 is used both for disasters and for a relationship breaking up. In mathematics, カタストロフ理論 is catastrophe theory.
Remember it カタストロフ from Greek kata (down) + strephein (turn) → the sudden turn downward.
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29
言説げんせつ
discourse言説
Example & memory tip
フーコーによれば、言説は単なる言葉の集合ではなく、何が真理とされるかを決定する権力装置である。
For Foucault, discourse is not a mere collection of words but an apparatus of power deciding what counts as truth.
Usage 言説分析 for discourse analysis, 支配的言説. The standard Japanese rendering of discourse in critical theory. Everyday alternatives: 論説, 言論.
Remember it 言 (word) + 説 (account, doctrine) → words organised into an account that governs what can be said.
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30
規律きりつ
discipline規律
Example & memory tip
フーコーが分析した規律権力とは、学校・病院・軍隊などの施設を通じて個人の行動を規格化する仕組みだ。
The disciplinary power Foucault analysed standardises individual conduct through schools, hospitals and armies.
Usage 規律を守る in everyday use; 規律権力 and 規律訓練 in Foucault. Distinguish 規則, the rules themselves, and 秩序, order as a state.
Remember it 規 (standard) + 律 (regulate) → conduct held to a standard.
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31
監視かんし
surveillance監視
Example & memory tip
デジタル技術の発展により、国家や企業による監視の能力は前例のない水準にまで高まっている。
With digital technology, the surveillance capacity of states and companies has reached unprecedented levels.
Usage 監視社会, 監視カメラ, 相互監視. Related to パノプティコン in Foucault's account. 見張る is the plain verb for keeping watch.
Remember it 監 (oversee) + 視 (look) → keeping something under the eye.
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32
イデオロギーイデオロギー
ideology
Example & memory tip
イデオロギーは時に客観的な真実のように見えるが、それは特定の権力関係を正当化する価値体系に過ぎない。
Ideology can look like objective truth, but it is only a value system justifying particular relations of power.
Usage イデオロギー的, 支配イデオロギー, イデオロギー対立. Pronounced from German Ideologie. The native 思想体系 is rarer.
Remember it イデオロギー from German Ideologie — the science of ideas, turned into the ideas that serve power.
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33
終末しゅうまつ
apocalypse終末
Example & memory tip
核抑止が崩壊した場合の終末シナリオについて、安全保障専門家たちは深刻な分析を続けている。
Security experts continue to analyse the apocalyptic scenarios that would follow a collapse of nuclear deterrence.
Usage 終末論 for eschatology, 終末時計 for the Doomsday Clock, and the medical 終末期医療 for end-of-life care. Distinguish 週末, the weekend — one character apart.
Remember it 終 (end) + 末 (the last part) → the end of the end.
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34
一瞬いっしゅん
instant一瞬
Example & memory tip
桜の花が散る一瞬の美しさは、まさに日本の無常観を体現している。
The beauty of cherry blossoms in the instant they fall embodies the Japanese sense of impermanence.
Usage 一瞬で, 一瞬の出来事, 一瞬にして. The everyday word where 刹那 is literary and Buddhist. 瞬 also gives 瞬間 and 瞬く.
Remember it 一 (one) + 瞬 (blink) → the length of one blink.
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35
無常むじょう
impermanence無常
Example & memory tip
平家物語の冒頭「祇園精舎の鐘の声、諸行無常の響きあり」は、無常という仏教的世界観を簡潔に表している。
The opening of the Tale of the Heike — the bell of Gion Shōja echoes the impermanence of all things — states the Buddhist worldview in a line.
Usage 無常観 for the sensibility, 諸行無常 as the doctrinal phrase, one of the 三法印. Underlies much of Japanese aesthetics, from 桜 to わびさび.
Remember it 無 (without) + 常 (constancy) → nothing stays as it is.
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36
禅ぜん
Zen禅
Example & memory tip
禅の修行では、概念や言語を超えた直接的な体験を通じて悟りに至ることが目指される。
Zen practice aims at enlightenment through direct experience beyond concept and language.
Usage 禅宗, 坐禅 for seated meditation, 禅問答 for an exchange that makes no ordinary sense. The 公案 are its riddles.
Remember it 禅 transliterates Sanskrit dhyāna through Chinese 禅那, clipped to one character.
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37
一期一会いちごいちえ
once in a lifetime一期会
Example & memory tip
茶道の精神を表す「一期一会」とは、この出会いは二度と繰り返されないという覚悟で、一瞬一瞬を大切にすることだ。
The tea ceremony's 一期一会 means treating each moment as precious, knowing this meeting will never come again.
Usage A four-character idiom from the tea tradition, associated with Sen no Rikyū. 一期 is a lifetime, 一会 a single meeting. Bound up with 無常.
Remember it 一期 (one lifetime) + 一会 (one meeting) → one meeting in one lifetime, and no second chance at it.