N1 Lesson 15 of 73 · 15 words
時間・変化
Time & Change
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1
永続的えいぞくてき
continuous永続的
Example & memory tip
平和を永続的なものにするためには、対話と相互理解の積み重ねが不可欠だ。
Making peace lasting requires an accumulation of dialogue and mutual understanding.
Usage 永続的な関係, 永続的な解決策. The adjectival form of 永続, and by far the commoner one. Its opposites are 一時的 and 短期的.
Remember it 永 (eternal) + 続 (continue) + 的 → continuing on without an end to it.
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2
周期的しゅうきてき
periodic周期的
Example & memory tip
景気は周期的に拡大と後退を繰り返す傾向がある。
Economies tend to repeat expansion and contraction periodically.
Usage 周期的に起こる, 周期的な変動. 周期 alone is the cycle or period — 周期表 is the periodic table, and in physics 周期 is the period of a wave.
Remember it 周 (go round) + 期 (interval) + 的 → coming round again at set intervals.
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3
進展しんてん
progress進展
Example & memory tip
交渉は難航しているが、関係者によれば今週中に進展があるとのことだ。
The negotiations are difficult, but those involved say there will be progress this week.
Usage 進展する, 進展がない, 事態が進展する. Progress in a situation or a process. 進歩 is advance in ability or civilisation; 発展 is growth and expansion.
Remember it 進 (advance) + 展 (unfold) → advancing by unfolding further.
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4
変遷へんせん
vicissitudes変遷
Example & memory tip
日本語の変遷をたどると、時代とともに発音や語彙が大きく変化してきたことが分かる。
Tracing the history of Japanese shows that pronunciation and vocabulary changed greatly over the ages.
Usage 変遷をたどる, 時代の変遷, 価値観の変遷. Change followed over a long span, usually observed from outside. Historical and neutral, unlike 変革, which is change deliberately brought about.
Remember it 変 (change) + 遷 (shift position) → changing and shifting across time.
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5
変革へんかく
reform変革
Example & memory tip
社会の変革は一夜にして成るものではなく、長期的な取り組みが必要だ。
Social transformation does not happen overnight; it takes long-term effort.
Usage 変革を求める, 社会変革, 意識変革. Deeper than 改革, reform of a system: a 変革 changes the nature of the thing. 改革 fixes what exists, 変革 replaces how it works.
Remember it 変 (change) + 革 (renew, as hide is tanned into leather) → change that makes it a different thing.
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6
転換てんかん
transition転換
Example & memory tip
エネルギー政策を化石燃料から再生可能エネルギーへ転換することが急務だ。
Shifting energy policy from fossil fuels to renewables is urgent.
Usage 方針転換, 転換点 for a turning point, 転換期, 発想の転換. Turning from one course to another, rather than improving the present one.
Remember it 転 (turn) + 換 (exchange) → turning onto a different track.
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7
逆転ぎゃくてん
reversal逆転
Example & memory tip
試合終了直前の逆転ゴールで、チームは劇的な勝利を収めた。
A comeback goal just before the whistle gave the team a dramatic victory.
Usage 逆転する, 逆転勝利, 逆転負け — the sports senses are the commonest. Also 形勢逆転 for a turn of the tide and 逆転の発想 for an idea that flips the problem round.
Remember it 逆 (reverse) + 転 (turn) → turning the situation round the other way.
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8
衰退すいたい
decline衰退
Example & memory tip
少子化と人口減少が続けば、地方経済の衰退は避けられない。
If the birth rate keeps falling and the population shrinking, the decline of regional economies is unavoidable.
Usage 衰退する, 産業の衰退, 衰退の一途をたどる. Its opposites are 発展 and 興隆. 衰退 is a long slide; 崩壊 is collapse.
Remember it 衰 (weaken) + 退 (retreat) → weakening and falling back.
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9
消滅しょうめつ
extinction消滅
Example & memory tip
環境破壊によって多くの生物種が消滅の危機に瀕している。
Environmental destruction has brought many species to the brink of extinction.
Usage 消滅する, 自然消滅 for something fading out on its own, 消滅可能性都市 for towns projected to disappear. Note 時効が消滅する — a right lapsing in law.
Remember it 消 (vanish) + 滅 (be destroyed) → vanishing until nothing is left.
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10
生成せいせい
formation生成
Example & memory tip
AIが自動的に文章や画像を生成する技術は、近年急速に発展している。
Technology in which AI automatically generates text and images has advanced rapidly in recent years.
Usage 生成AI is the phrase of the moment — generative AI. Also 生成する, 生成物 in chemistry. Distinguish 作成, drawing something up by hand, and 製造 for manufacturing.
Remember it 生 (come into being) + 成 (take form) → coming into being and taking form.
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11
一貫いっかん
consistency一貫
Example & memory tip
一貫した姿勢で主張を続けることで、周囲からの信頼を得ることができる。
Holding to your position consistently is how you win the trust of those around you.
Usage 一貫した方針, 一貫して, 一貫性 for consistency, 首尾一貫 for coherence from start to finish. In education, 中高一貫 means a combined junior and senior high school.
Remember it 一 (one) + 貫 (pierce through) → one thread running right through.
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12
均衡きんこう
balance均衡
Example & memory tip
経済の均衡が崩れると、インフレや失業などの問題が生じる。
When economic balance breaks down, problems such as inflation and unemployment arise.
Usage 均衡を保つ, 均衡が崩れる, 勢力均衡 for a balance of power. Formal; バランス is the everyday word. In economics, 均衡価格 is the equilibrium price.
Remember it 均 (even) + 衡 (the beam of a balance) → the beam level and the weights even.
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13
不安定ふあんてい
instability不安定
Example & memory tip
紛争地域における不安定な政治状況は、人道支援の活動を困難にする。
Unstable political conditions in conflict areas make humanitarian work difficult.
Usage 不安定な状態, 情緒不安定 for emotional instability, 雇用の不安定化. The straightforward negation of 安定, and used of everything from footing to politics.
Remember it 不 (not) + 安定 (stable) → not steady on its feet.
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14
動揺どうよう
agitation動揺
Example & memory tip
突然の解雇通知に動揺を隠せず、彼女は顔を真っ青にした。
Unable to hide her agitation at the sudden dismissal notice, she went pale.
Usage 動揺する, 動揺を隠せない, 市場が動揺する. Covers both inner shaking — being rattled — and the literal shaking of an object or a market.
Remember it 動 (move) + 揺 (sway) → moving and swaying, inside or out.
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15
激変げきへん
drastic change激変
Example & memory tip
インターネットの普及によって社会は激変し、コミュニケーションのあり方が根本から変わった。
The spread of the internet transformed society and changed the very nature of communication.
Usage 激変する, 激変緩和措置 for transitional relief in policy. Sharper and more sudden than 変化 or 変遷 — the 激 marks the violence of it.
Remember it 激 (violent) + 変 (change) → change that arrives with force.